3rd IAASS international space safety conference
'Building a Safer Space Together'
Rome, Italy, 21-23 October 2008
SPACE TRAFFIC DATA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Rudiger Jehn (1), Heiner Klinkrad (1), Holger Krag (1),
Tim Flohrer (1), Ludger Leushacke (2),
Jussi Markkanen (3),
Thomas Schildknecht (4) and Michael Oswald (5)
(1) ESA Space Debris Office, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Email: ruediger.jehn@esa.int
(2) FGAN-FHR, Neuenahrer Str. 20, 53343 Wachtberg, Germany
(3) EISCAT Scientific Association, Tahtelantie 54B 99600 Sodankyla, Finland
(4) Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
(5) EADS Astrium Satellites, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany
Overview:
- Introduction
- FGAN radar / Effelsberg radio telescope
- EISCAT radars
- ESA Space Debris Telescope
- Validation of the ESA MASTER model
- Application for Space Situational Awareness
- Conclusions
Introduction
- More than 13 000 catalogued objects ( > about 10 cm)
- Estimated 600 000 objects larger than 1 cm
- For the big objects Space Traffic Management is possible:
- A catalogue needs to be maintained and collision warning must be performed
- For the small objects statistical risk analysis is done:
- Regular observations of the space environment
- Building and Updating an environment model
Facilities currently used by ESA:
- FGAN radar / Effelsberg radio telescope
- EISCAT radars
- 1-m ESA Space Debris Telescope in Tenerife
FGAN/TIRA radar (Wachtberg/Germany):
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- operated by FGAN (Research Establishment for Applied Science)
- antenna: 34 m parabolic reflector in a 49 m radome
- tracking radar: L-band (1.333 GHz), 1 MW peak power, 0.45° 3 dB beamwidth, 1 ms pulse length, 30 Hz pulse repetition, ~2 cm objects at 1,000 km
- imaging radar: Ku-band (16.7 GHz), 13 kW peak power, 0.031° 3dB beamwidth, 256s pulse length, 55 Hz pulse repetition, ~15 cm range resolution
- Space Debris Applications: tracking support: risk object re-entries (Skylab, Salyut-7, Mir); conjunction event verification
- imaging support: S/C emergencies (e.g. Adeos); verification of S/C integrity (e.g. Salyut-7, Mir)
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MIR re-entry
FGAN image of MIR |
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Effelsberg 100 m radio telescope:
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- operated by Max-Planck-Institute for Radio Astronomy
- located near Bonn (Germany), 21 km South-West of FGAN
- 7-horn L-band multi-feed
- chosen overlap volume is 600 – 1400 km altitude
- detection of 1 cm objects
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24 Beam-Park Experiments:
| Year | Catalogue Objects | Uncorrelated Objects | Total |
|---|
| 1996 | 85 (69) | 232 (245) | 317 (314) |
| 1999-1 | 69 | 309 | 378 |
| 1999-2 | 83 | 269 | 352 |
| 2000 | 94 | 377 | 471 |
| 2001 | 114 | 416 | 530 |
| 2002 | 116 | 426 | 542 |
| 2003 | 108 | 431 | 539 |
| 2004-1 | 118 | 464 | 582 |
| 2004-2 | 107 | 422 | 529 |
| 2005 | 129 | 404 | 533 |
| 2006 | 126 (88) | 390 (336) | 516 (424) |
| 2007 | 102 | 483 | 585 |
| 2008 | To be performed on: 18 -19 November 2008 | |
| Average | 114 | 416 | 530 |
European Incoherent Scatter Radars (EISCAT):
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- EISCAT Antennas: Tromso (N), Kiruna (S), and Sodankyla (Fin), Longyearbyen (N)
- Tromso radar: 32 m antenna, UHF-band (929 MHz), 7 MHz bandwidth, 2 MW peak power
- In 2005: 700 hours of measurement, recording about 8000 debris events
- From 11 March 2007 to 11 February 2008 4600 hours of space debris observations, yielding about 182 000 analysed beam passage events
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EISCAT Svalbard Radar hourly space debris detection rates
The ESA Space Debris Telescope (Tenerife/Spain):
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- optics: 1 m aperture, 0.7° field-of-view, Ritchey-Chretien & Coude foci
- CCD: 4096 x 4096 pixels;
S/N threshold ~ 5.0, ~ 2 sec integration time, ~ 19 sec read-out time
detection threshold: 19 - 21 mag ( ~ 15 cm GEO objects of albedo 0.1)
- 120° of GEO visible
- 120 nights/year
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2006 ESA GEO and GTO surveys
| Survey Scenario | Uncorrelated Detections | Correlated Detections | Correlated Objects | Total Detections | Observation
Hours | Scanned Area
[deg2] |
|---|
| GEO | 461 | 476 | 187 | 937 | 130.4 | 2685.1 |
| GTO | 579 | 332 | 229 | 911 | 233.7 | 4871.6 |
| Combined | 1040 | 808 | 320 | 1848 | 364.1 | 7556.7 |
Available observation data to validate the MASTER model
| Instrument | Location | Approx. Lower Threshold |
|---|
| ESA Space Debris Telescope | Tenerife,
Spain | 15 cm in GEO |
| Tracking and Imaging Radar | Wachtberg, Germany | 2 cm at 1000 km |
| Goldstone Radar | California, USA | 2 mm at 1000 km |
| Haystack Radar | Massachusetts, USA | 4 mm at 1000 km |
| Liquid Mirror Telescope | New Mexico,
USA | 1 cm (NaK), 3 cm (other) at 1000 km |
Inclination versus right ascension of ascending node for the
MASTER-2005 fragment detection events and the uncorrelated detections
(‘uct’) of the 2006 observations
Applications for Space Situational Awareness: A Space-Based Telescope
- Studied by AIUB/NLR/ASRO in 2003/2005
- 10-30 cm telescope in LEO or GEO
- Design, architecture, operations, performance and cost analysis
- Especially in GEO a useful complementary data source for a space surveillance system
Number of objects larger than 3 mm crossing the 6-deg field-of-view of a telescope in GEO in 24 h.
Conclusions
- Powerful radars and telescopes exist in Europe
- As of today only statistical analysis or local catalogues
- Required for a Space Traffic Management:
- Continuous availability of sensors
- Data Processing Centre
- Political will (and money) for a STM system needs to be built
- ESA Ministerial Council in Nov 2008 a decisive milestone
30 октября 2008
Материалы докладов публикуются с согласия авторов
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